c) James McCune Smith

James McCune Smith became the first African American doctor in the United States following the Revolutionary era. Born a slave, Smith was educated at the African Free School in New York City and later became the first African American to hold a medical degree, which he earned in Scotland. His achievements broke significant racial barriers in the medical profession. Smith was also an active abolitionist and writer, using his education and platform to fight against slavery and racial injustice. His life and career are emblematic of the broader struggles and advancements of African Americans during this period.