b) “I Will Fight No More Forever”

Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce tribe delivered the famous speech “I Will Fight No More Forever” in 1877. His address followed his tribe’s epic 1,400-mile retreat in an attempt to reach Canada and avoid forced relocation to a reservation. The speech, given upon his surrender to U.S. forces, poignantly expressed the exhaustion and despair of his people. It has since become emblematic of the resilience and suffering of Native Americans during the period of U.S. expansion and Indian wars.