b) Renouncing War

The Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928, spearheaded by U.S. Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg and French Foreign Minister Aristide Briand, was an international agreement with the main aim of renouncing war as an instrument of national policy. Initially proposed as a bilateral pact between the U.S. and France, it quickly expanded into a multilateral treaty ultimately signed by 62 nations. While it did not have mechanisms for enforcement, the pact represented a significant international effort to prevent future conflicts following the devastating effects of World War I. Despite its later inability to prevent World War II, the Kellogg-Briand Pact was a landmark in the evolution of international law and diplomacy, symbolizing a global aspiration for peace and the renunciation of war as a means of resolving disputes.