a) France

France was the first foreign nation to formally acknowledge American independence through the Treaty of Alliance on February 6, 1778. This diplomatic success was pivotal for the American Revolution, as it brought French military and economic support to the struggling Continental Army. French recognition legitimized the American cause and provided much-needed resources and military expertise. The alliance with France was a turning point in the war, culminating in the decisive victory at Yorktown. France’s involvement illustrates the international dimension of the American Revolution and the importance of foreign alliances in shaping the course of history.