d) War of 1812

The War of 1812 is often referred to as the Second War of Independence because it was a pivotal conflict between the United States and Great Britain. This war, fought from 1812 to 1815, arose from U.S. grievances over British maritime practices and territorial expansion in North America. It played a crucial role in solidifying American independence and national identity. Key events like the burning of Washington D.C. and the Battle of New Orleans became legendary, and the war’s end solidified U.S. sovereignty and territorial claims, shaping the nation’s early history.