b) Establishment of a draft system

The significant effect of the 1863 Conscription Act was the establishment of a draft system in the United States. Faced with manpower shortages, the Union implemented this act to recruit soldiers for the Civil War. This law, which allowed draftees to hire substitutes or pay a commutation fee, sparked controversy and led to protests, including the New York City draft riots. The Conscription Act was a critical measure in maintaining Union army strength but also highlighted class tensions and opposition to the war effort.