d) Jim Crow Laws

Jim Crow Laws were the name given to the laws enforcing racial segregation in the South following the Reconstruction era. These state and local laws mandated the separation of black and white people in public places and established a legal framework for racial discrimination. The Jim Crow system, characterized by disenfranchisement, unequal opportunities, and violence against African Americans, was a significant obstacle to racial equality and remained in place until the civil rights movement of the 1960s.