d) City Beautiful Movement

The City Beautiful Movement dramatically transformed urban landscapes with the creation of parks, boulevards, and monumental buildings. Originating in the late 19th century, this movement aimed to introduce beautification and monumental grandeur in cities. It was a response to the urban disorder and was driven by the belief that aesthetically pleasing environments could promote a harmonious social order. Influential examples include the development of the National Mall in Washington, D.C., and the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago.