b) Emoticon

In 1982, Scott Fahlman invented the emoticon, a digital communication tool that has become integral in today’s online interactions. Fahlman, a computer scientist, proposed using the text characters “:-)” and “:-(” to distinguish jokes from serious statements in online communication at Carnegie Mellon University. The emoticon, a precursor to the modern emoji, was a simple yet effective way to convey emotion in the text-based environment of early internet forums and emails. This invention marked a significant development in digital communication, providing a way to add tone and nuance to otherwise flat text. Emoticons have evolved into a rich language of digital expression, illustrating the continuing innovation in how we communicate in the digital age.