b) The Vanderbilt Standard Gauge

The Vanderbilt Standard Gauge, financed by railroad magnate Cornelius Vanderbilt, was a critical innovation that transformed U.S. commerce by standardizing rail gauge sizes. Prior to this standardization, different railroads used various gauge sizes, impeding the efficient movement of trains and goods. The adoption of a uniform gauge size facilitated smoother and more efficient transportation, greatly enhancing the railroad system’s capacity and reliability. This standardization played a crucial role in the expansion and integration of the U.S. rail network, fueling economic growth and national development.