d) United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement

The United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), signed in 2018, replaced the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) as the latest trade deal between the U.S., Mexico, and Canada. Aimed at modernizing and rebalancing North American trade, USMCA included significant updates in areas like digital trade, intellectual property, and labor laws. The agreement was a response to criticisms of NAFTA and intended to support mutually beneficial trade leading to freer markets, fairer trade, and robust economic growth in North America. The negotiation and implementation of USMCA underscored the importance of regional trade alliances and the ongoing evolution of international trade agreements in the 21st century.